Taking Charge: Glossary of Terms
a
antioxidants:某些食物中对抗氧对身体组织(氧化)造成损害的物质。
ascites: accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
atypical hyperplasia一种良性乳腺疾病,可增加患乳腺癌的风险
b
biopsy: a procedure in which a tissue sample is taken. Types of breast biopsy include fine need aspiration (FNA), core needle, stereotactic, surgical, excisional
benign: not cancerous
BRCA1, BRCA2与遗传性乳腺癌和卵巢癌有关的基因突变
c
calcification: mineral deposits within the breast tissue seen on mammograms
CA-125: a blood screening test sometimes used for ovarian cancer
chemotherapy: treatment of cancer with drugs that kill tumor cells
clomiphene citrate一种生育药物,可能会增加患卵巢癌的风险
computed tomography (CT) scan: an X-ray examination sometimes used to diagnose cancer
cyst一种充满液体的囊,可出现在乳房、卵巢和身体其他部位
d
dissection: surgically separating out certain tissues
ductal carcinoma: breast cancer that arises in the milk ducts
ductogram: an X-ray examination of the milk duct
dysgerminoma一种始于生殖细胞(产生卵子的细胞)的卵巢癌。
e
epithelial ovarian carcinoma:最常见的卵巢癌类型,由覆盖卵巢的细胞引起
estrogen卵巢和身体其他部位产生的主要女性荷尔蒙之一
f
fibrocystic changes:在支撑乳房的结缔组织中形成充满液体的囊(囊肿)和疤痕
g
genetic tests:检查血液或其他组织中的DNA以发现基因异常的测试
germ cell tumor: see dysgerminoma grade: a measure of how abnormal cancer cells look under a microsope
granulosa cell tumor: a type of ovarian cancer originating in estrogen-producing cells
h
hormone replacement therapy:绝经后服用补充雌激素和黄体酮来代替身体的天然激素
hysterectomy: surgical removal of the uterus
i
in situ: cancer that is confined to its place of origin and has not spread
infiltrating: cancer that has invaded nearby tissues
inflammatory breast cancer: a rare, fast-growing breast cancer
invasive cancer扩散到周围组织和/或身体其他部位的癌症
immature teratoma: a type of ovarian tumor that most often affects younger women
irradiation: X-ray treatment
l
laparoscopy通过一个小切口插入一个微型望远镜状仪器对腹部进行检查
laparotomy: a surgical incision in the abdomen
lobular carcinoma: breast cancer that starts in the lobular cells of the milk ducts
lumpectomy切除肿瘤和周围组织边缘的乳腺癌手术
lymphadenectomy: removal of lymph nodes
lymphedema: swelling of the lymph nodes
lymph nodes: small glands that filter a type of fluid (lymph) in the body
lymphatics: the small vessels that carry lymph
m
malignant: cancerous
mammogram (screening or diagnostic): X-ray examination of the breast
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): an imaging study that uses magnetic fields to show body tissue
mastectomy:surgical removal of the breast. 乳房切除术的类型包括部分、全部、改良根治性和根治性
medullary carcinoma: a rare type of breast cancer with little fibrous tissue in the tumor
menopause: cessation of the menstrual cycle
metastasize: to spread. 转移是指癌细胞从起源点扩散.
mortality rate: the number of deaths from a specific disease per 100,000 women
mucinous carcinoma一种罕见的乳腺癌,其细胞分泌黏性物质
mutation: alteration of a normal gene
n
noninvasive cancer一种非常早期的癌症,尚未扩散到发病的组织类型之外
o
oophorectomy (unilateral and bilateral): removal of one or both ovaries
oncogene: a cancer-causing gene, such as HER2
oncologist (gynecologic): a doctor trained in treating cancers of the female reproductive tract
ova: eggs
ovulation: the process of releasing a mature egg from the ovary
p
Paget's disease of the nipple一种罕见的乳腺癌,从乳腺导管扩散到乳头区域
palpate: to feel with the hands
phyllodes tumor一种罕见的乳腺肿瘤,形成于乳腺结缔组织(间质)。
progesterone: a female hormone
prognosis: expected outcome
proliferative breast disease without atypia: increased growth of normal-appearing breast cells
prophylactic: preventive
prosthesis: a breast form
r
radiation therapy: treatment that uses X-rays to kill cancer cells
receptor positive, receptor negative:用于描述乳腺肿瘤是否具有雌性激素受体的术语
s
salpingectomy (unilateral and bilateral): removal of one or both fallopian tubes
Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor: a type of ovarian tumor originating from hormone-producing cells
staging:了解癌症的发病率,以及癌症是否已经扩散到身体的其他部位
stroma: connective tissue
stromal tumor: an ovarian cancer that starts in the connective tissue of the ovary, where some female hormones are produced
survival rate:在特定时期内疾病存活的病人百分比
t
transvaginal sonography通过阴道进行的超声检查,用于诊断卵巢癌
tubal ligation: tying off the fallopian tubes to prevent pregnancy
tubular carcinoma一种导管性乳腺癌,细胞分化良好,纤维组织(间质)被小管浸润
u
ultrasound (sonography)一种利用高能声波显示身体组织的成像研究
undifferentiated: not differentiated, primitive, immature
w
wire localization使用细导线帮助外科十大赌博平台排行榜对乳房的正确部位进行活检
Drugs Used in Cancer Treatment
AC联合化疗包括阿霉素和环磷酰胺
CMF:环磷酰胺、甲氨蝶呤、氟尿嘧啶联合化疗
CAF:环磷酰胺、阿霉素、氟尿嘧啶联合化疗
Cysplatin: a medication used to treat ovarian cancer
Paclitaxel (Taxol)一种最初从紫杉树皮中提取的药物,用于治疗卵巢癌
Raloxifene一种药物,它能模仿雌激素在某些组织中的作用,并阻断其在其他组织中的作用
Tamoxifen: an anti-estrogen drug used to treat and prevent breast cancer
Return to the Taking Charge Index
- What Is Breast Cancer?
- Breast Cancer Risk Factors
- If You Are at High Risk for Breast Cancer
- Screening for Breast Cancer
- How Is Breast Cancer Diagnosed?
- How Is Breast Cancer Treated?
- What Is Ovarian Cancer?
- Who Gets Ovarian Cancer?
- If You Are at High Risk for Ovarian Cancer
- Screening for Ovarian Cancer
- How Is Ovarian Cancer Diagnosed?
- How is Ovarian Cancer Treated?
- Living with Ovarian Cancer
- Diet, Lifestyle and Cancer
- Glossary of Terms
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